HS 2nd Year Economics Solved Question Paper in Bodo Medium | Free PDF & Model Answers

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PART-A

Answer any four of the following question:

गाहाइनि जायखि जाया मोनत्रै सॉथिनि फिन हो :

i) Define National Income

National income refers to the total value of all final goods and services produced by the normal residents of a country during one financial year.

हादरारि आय
हादरारि आय बुङो मोनसे हादरनि सामान्य निवासीफोरा जों मोनसे बाछराव दैथाय खालामनाय गासै अन्तिम दिहुन आरो सेवा फोरनि मोथां बेसेन।

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ii) What is Balanced Budget?

A balanced budget is a budget in which the estimated government expenditure is equal to the estimated government receipts during a financial year.

समान्थि रांबावजाया
समान्थि रांबावजाया बुङो मोनसे बाछराव सरकारि अनुमानित खरसा आरो अनुमानित आय (रिसिप्ट) समान जानाय रांबावजायाखौ बुजायो।

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iii) Wealth tax is an example of.......

सम्फथि खाजोनाया नि मोनसे विदिन्थि

a) Direct tax.

थोंजों खाजोना।

b) Indirect tax.

खेसालिया खाजोना।

c) Proportional tax.

रुजुजखायारि खाजोना।

d) Regressive tax.

उनफिनहोग्रा खाजोना।

iv) What do you mean by Moral Suasion?

Moral suasion refers to a method used by the central bank to persuade and influence commercial banks to follow its monetary policy through advice, appeals, and requests rather than through legal or compulsory measures.

बोसोरारि फोसावनायनि ओंथिया
बोसोरारि फोसावनाय बुङो केन्द्रिय बैंकजों व्यावसायिक बैंकफोरखौ कानुनी बाध्यता नखालामै उपदेश, अनुरोध आरो फोसावनायजों मौद्रिक नीति मानायनायनि पद्धतिखौ बुजायो।

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v) Fill in the blanks

GNP = GDP + Net Factor Income from Abroad (NFIA)

लांदां जायगाखौ आबु खालाम
GNP = GDP + बिदेश निफ्राय नेट फैक्टर आय

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vi) What do you mean by Above the Line Transaction?

Above the line transactions refer to those transactions which affect the fiscal deficit of the government, such as revenue and expenditure items included in the budget.

रेखा होखोनि सायाव लेनदेननि ऑथिया
रेखा होखोनि सायाव लेनदेन बुङो सरकारि रांबावजायाआव अंतर्भुक्त थानाय आय आरो खरसा संजों जों राडारि घाटिखौ प्रभाव खालामनाय लेनदेनफोरखौ बुजायो।

2.Answer any five of the following question:

गाहाइनि जायखि जाया मोनबा सोंथिनि फिन हो :

i) Distinguish between stock and flow.

थुविल आरो बोहैनायनि गेजेराव फाराग दिन्थि।

Stock

1.     Stock is a quantity measured at a particular point of time.

2.     It does not involve a time period.

3.     It is measured on a specific date.

4.     Examples: capital, wealth, money supply, population on a given day.

Flow

1.     Flow is a quantity measured over a period of time.

2.     It always involves a time period.

3.     It is measured per unit of time such as a month or a year.

4.     Examples: income, expenditure, investment, savings.

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थुविल आरो बोहैनायनि फाराग (प्वाइंटाव)

थुविल

1.     थुविल बुङो मोनसे खास समयाव मापन खालामनाय परिमाण।

2.     बेयाव समय-अवधि नायखालामै।

3.     मोनसे खास दिन वा समयाव मापन खालामनाय।

4.     उदाहरण: पूंजी, धन, मुद्रा आपूर्ति, मोनसे दिनाव जनसंख्या।

बोहैनाय

1.     बोहैनाय बुङो मोनसे समय-अवधियाव मापन खालामनाय परिमाण।

2.     बेयाव समय-अवधि थायो।

3.     मास वा बाछर प्रति मापन खालामनाय।

4.     उदाहरण: आय, खरसा, निवेश, बचत।

ii) A firm had an inventory of Rs. 80 at the beginning of the year. During the year the firm has produced goods of worth Rs. 500 and sold goods of worth Rs. 400. Calculate the change in inventories for the year.

बोसोरनि जागायजेन्नायाव मोनसे कम्पानिया 80 रानि बेसादफारि दंमो। बोसोराव फालांगि फसंथाना 500 यंनि दिहुनदोंमोन आरो 400 रोनि मुवा फानदोंमोन। बोसोरनि थाखाय बेसादफारियाव सौलायनायखौ सान।

ii) Calculation of Change in Inventories

Given:

• Opening inventory = ₹80
• Value of goods produced during the year = ₹500
• Value of goods sold during the year = ₹400

Closing Inventory = Opening Inventory + Production − Sales
= 80 + 500 − 400
= ₹180

Change in Inventories = Closing Inventory − Opening Inventory
= 180 − 80
= ₹100

The change in inventories during the year is ₹100 (increase).

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बेसादफारियाव सौलायनाय (Calculation)

दिया थानाय:

• बोसोरनि जागायजेन्नायाव बेसादफारि = ₹80
• बोसोराव दिहुन खालामनाय = ₹500
• बोसोराव मुवा फाननाय = ₹400

फोजोबनायाव बेसादफारि = जागायजेन्नायाव बेसादफारि + दिहुन − मुवा
= 80 + 500 − 400
= ₹180

बेसादफारियाव सौलायनाय = फोजोबनायाव बेसादफारि − जागायजेन्नायाव बेसादफारि
= 180 − 80
= ₹100

बोसोरनि थाखाय बेसादफारियाव ₹100 नि बाढ़नाय (increase) जायो।

iii) State any two measures of fiscal policy to correct the problem of excess demand in an economy.

मोनसे रांखान्थियाव बांद्राय बिनायनि जेंनाखौ सुत्रांनो थाखाय राडारि मावसोलोनि जायखि जाया मोननै ग्रहाखौ फोरमाय।

Answer (any two):

1.     Increase in taxes to reduce disposable income and control excess demand.

2.     Reduction in government expenditure to decrease aggregate demand.

बेखेव (मोननै जायखि जाया):

1.     खाजोना बाढ़नाय, जों जनता नि हाथाय आय गोसोखांनाय आरो बांद्राय बिनाय नियन्त्रन खालामनाय।

2.     सरकारि खरसा गोसोखांनाय, जों मोथां दिमान्ड ह्रास जानाय।

iv) Give two example of non tax revenue.

खाजोना खांजायै आयनि मोननै बिदिन्थि हो।

Answer (concise, exam-ready):
Non-tax revenue refers to income received by the government from sources other than taxes.

Examples:

1.  Fees collected for government services (e.g., passport fee, license fee)

2.  Fines and penalties imposed by the government

बेखेव (परीक्षा-संगत):
खाजोना खांजायै आय बुङो सरकारि निफ्राय जों खाजोनाहाँ बाहिर फोरमाय।

उदाहरण:

1.  सरकारि सेवा फोराय फीस (जैसे पासपोर्ट फीस, लाइसेंस फीस)

2.  जुरमाना आरो दंड

v) What are the visible items in the balance of payments of a country?

Answer:
Visible items in the balance of payments are the exports and imports of goods (merchandise trade). They include all tangible goods that a country sells abroad or buys from other countries.

बेखेव
रांखान्थिनि रांहोनायनि समौनधाइयाव नुनो मोननाय निर्यात आरो आयात (मर्चेंडाइज व्यापार) थायो, जों ठोस माल जों देश बिदेशा फोराय आरो किनाय थायो।

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vi) If MPC = 0.9, find the value of income multiplier

Formula:

Answer:
Income multiplier = 10

बेखेव:
मोनसे आयनि गुन होग्रा मान = 10

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vii) Mention two qualitative credit control measures employed by RBI

Answer (any two):

1.     Moral suasion – persuading banks to follow RBI’s policy without legal compulsion.

2.     Selective credit control – restricting credit for certain sectors to control inflation.

बेखेव:

1.     बोसोरारि फोसावनाय – बैंकफोरखौ बिना कानुनी बाध्यता RBI नीति मानाय फोरमाय।

2.     चयनात्मक दाहार सामलायनाय – विशेष क्षेत्रक खातीर दाहार सीमित कराय आरो महँगाई नियंत्रण खालामनाय।

3.Answer any two of the following questions: 3x2-6

गाहाइनि जायखि जाया मोननै सौंथिनि फिन हो :

i) Distinguish between Gross and Net Investment

Gross Investment:

1.     Total expenditure on new capital assets during a period.

2.     Does not account for depreciation.

3.     Shows total addition to capital stock.

4.     Example: Construction of new factories, machinery, equipment.

Net Investment:

1.     Gross investment minus depreciation of capital assets.

2.     Accounts for wear and tear of existing capital.

3.     Shows net addition to capital stock.

4.     Example: New factories or machinery after replacing worn-out assets.

गांसै रां थिसननाय (प्वाइंटाव):

1.     बाछराव नवीन पूंजी वस्तु खारजि कुल।

2.     पूंजी वस्तु क्षय निफ्राय।

3.     कुल पूंजी भंडार बढ़नाय देखाय।

4.     उदाहरण: नयाँ कारखाना, मशीनरी, उपकरण निर्माण।

गुबै रां खाथायनाय (प्वाइंटाव):

1.     गांसै रां थिसन − पूंजी वस्तु क्षय।

2.     पूंजी वस्तु क्षय खालामनाय।

3.     शुद्ध पूंजी भंडार बढ़नाय देखाय।

4.     उदाहरण: पुरान वस्तु बदलाय पछा नयाँ कारखाना/मशीनरी।

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ii) Explain the relationship between MPC and MPS

1.     Definition: MPC is the fraction of additional income spent on consumption; MPS is the fraction saved.

2.     Formula: MPC + MPS = 1, because every additional income is either consumed or saved.

3.     Implication: If MPC increases, MPS decreases, and vice versa; together they always sum to 1.

MPC आए MPS नि गेजेराव (प्वाइंटाव):

1.     परिभाषा: MPC = अतिरिक्त आयखौ खपत हिस्सा; MPS = अतिरिक्त आयखौ बचत हिस्सा।

2.     सूत्र: MPC + MPS = 1, प्रत्येक अतिरिक्त आय खपत या बचत खालामनाय।

3.     प्रभाव: MPC बढ़ाय, MPS घटाय; MPC घटाय, MPS बढ़ाय; कुल जोड़ = 1।

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iii) Write a short note on Managed Floating

Managed floating is a system of exchange rates in which the currency value is mostly determined by market forces of demand and supply, but the central bank occasionally intervenes to stabilize or influence the currency. It combines free market flexibility with central bank control to prevent excessive volatility.

सामलाय गोजावखांनायनि सायाव मोनसे सुंद' लिरथि लिर:
Managed floating बुङो एक्सचेंज रेट प्रणाली जों मोथां मुद्रा मूल्य प्रायः मांग आरो सप्लाइ बलफोरमाय निर्धारित होथाय, किन्तु केंद्रिय बैंक सामयिक हस्तक्षेप कराय मुद्रा स्थिर राखाय वा प्रभावित कराय।

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iv) Mention three important functions of Central Bank

1.     Issuer of currency – sole authority to issue legal tender notes.

2.     Lender of last resort – provides emergency funds to commercial banks.

3.     Control of credit and monetary policy – regulates money supply and credit to ensure economic stability.

मिरु रांख' (बेडू) नि मोनथाम खामानि एबा गुनखौ:

1.     मुद्रा जारी कराय – कानूनी नोट जारी कराय एकमात्र अधिकार।

2.     अंतिम उधारदाता – व्यावसायिक बैंकखौ आपातकालीन निधि प्रदान कराय।

3.     दाहार सामलायनाय – मुद्रा आपूर्ति आरो क्रेडिट नियंत्रित कराय, आर्थिक स्थिरता सुनिश्चित कराय।

4.Answer any two of the following questions:

गाहाइनि जायखि जाया मोननै सोंथिनि फिन हो :

i) Explain the Expenditure method of calculating National Income,

हायुंआरि आयखौ साननायनि खरसा आदबखौ बेखेव ।

Expenditure Method of Calculating National Income

The expenditure method is one of the three primary approaches used to calculate national income, the others being the income method and the production (or output) method. This method focuses on measuring national income from the demand side by adding all expenditures incurred on final goods and services produced within a country during a given period, usually a year. The underlying idea is that every rupee earned in an economy is ultimately spent on consumption, investment, government expenditure, or net exports. Therefore, by summing up these expenditures, we obtain an estimate of the total national income.

Under the expenditure method, total national income is divided into four major components:

1.     Consumption Expenditure (C): This is the total spending by households on goods and services for personal use. It includes expenditures on durable goods (like vehicles, appliances), non-durable goods (like food, clothing), and services (like education, healthcare, transport). Consumption expenditure is typically the largest component of national income in most economies.

2.     Investment Expenditure (I): Investment expenditure refers to spending by firms or businesses on capital goods such as machinery, buildings, factories, and equipment. It also includes changes in inventory held by firms. Investment increases the productive capacity of the economy and is a crucial determinant of economic growth.

3.     Government Expenditure (G): Government spending includes all expenditures by the government on goods and services, such as salaries of government employees, defense spending, infrastructure development, and public welfare programs. Government expenditure is an essential part of aggregate demand and influences economic stability and development.

4.     Net Exports (X − M): Net exports are calculated by subtracting total imports (M) from total exports (X). Exports represent domestic goods and services purchased by foreign countries, while imports are foreign goods and services purchased domestically. Net exports indicate the contribution of international trade to national income.

The formula for national income using the expenditure method is:

National Income (Y)=C+I+G+(X−M)\text{National Income (Y)} = C + I + G + (X - M)National Income (Y)=C+I+G+(X−M)

Advantages of the Expenditure Method:

• Provides a clear picture of the demand-side components of the economy.
• Helps policymakers understand which sectors contribute most to total spending.
• Useful for designing fiscal and monetary policies to manage aggregate demand, control inflation, or stimulate growth.

Limitations:

• Accurate estimation requires reliable data on household consumption, investment, government expenditure, and international trade.
• Informal sector transactions, barter exchanges, and black-market activities are often not included, which may lead to underestimation.

Overall, the expenditure method highlights how money circulates in an economy and allows analysts to understand the structure of aggregate demand. It shows how household consumption, investment decisions, government policies, and foreign trade collectively determine the total income generated in the economy.

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हायुंआरि आयखौ साननायनि खरसा आदबखौ (परीक्षा-संगत विस्तृत):

हायुंआरि आयखौ साननायनि खरसा आदबखौ पद्धति बुङो आय मापन कराय खालामनाय मांग पक्ष ऊपर आधारित प्रमुख तरीका। बाछराव देश भीतर उत्पादन अन्तिम वस्तु आरो सेवा ऊपर खर्च कुल मापन कराय कुल आय बुजाय जाथाय। प्रत्येक आय, परिवारक खपत, फर्मक निवेश, सरकारि खरसा या शुद्ध निर्यात ऊपर खर्च होथाय।

चार प्रमुख घटक थाय:

1.     खपत खरसा (C): परिवारक खर्च, जैसे खाद्य, वस्त्र, वाहन, शिक्षा, स्वास्थ्य, परिवहन।

2.     निवेश खरसा (I): फर्मक पूंजी वस्तु, मशीनरी, कारखाना, उपकरण, थोक इन्वेंटरी में बदलाव।

3.     सरकारी खरसा (G): वेतन, रक्षा, आधारभूत संरचना, सार्वजनिक कल्याण योजना।

4.     शुद्ध निर्यात (X − M): निर्यात − आयात = विदेश व्यापार द्वारा आय योगदान।

आय (Y)=C+I+G+(X−M)\text{आय (Y)} = C + I + G + (X - M)आय (Y)=C+I+G+(X−M)

लाभ:

• मांग पक्ष समझाय।
• नीति निर्माण हेतु उपयोगी।
• महँगाई नियंत्रण, आर्थिक विकास हेतु दिशानिर्देश।

सीमाएँ:

• सही आंकड़ा आवश्यक।
• अनौपचारिक क्षेत्र, बार्टर, काला बाज़ार शामिल नहीं।

एना पद्धति देखाय जाथाय कि कुल आय खपत, निवेश, सरकारि खर्च, और विदेशी व्यापार द्वारा कैसे बनाय जाथाय।

ii) Explain with help of a diagram by using saving investment approach how equilibrium level of out-put and income can be determined in an economy.

मोनसे रांखान्थियाव दिहुनथाइ आये आयनि गोरोबधाइ धाखोखौ मावरैि थि खालामनी हायो बेखौ दोनथुमनाय-खाथायनाय विजिरलुखौ बाहायनानै मोनसे सावगारिनि हेफाजावजों बेखेव ।

The saving-investment approach is one of the important methods to determine the equilibrium level of national income in an economy. According to this approach, equilibrium is achieved when planned saving equals planned investment. In other words, the total income generated in the economy is exactly sufficient to meet the desired levels of consumption and investment.

Explanation:

• Saving (S): The part of income that is not spent on consumption. Saving is positively related to income, meaning as income rises, saving also rises.
• Investment (I): The expenditure on capital goods such as machinery, factories, and equipment. Investment is considered autonomous in this approach, i.e., it does not depend on the level of income.

Equilibrium Condition:

S=IS = IS=I

When planned saving equals planned investment, there is no unintended change in inventories, and firms have no incentive to change production. If savings exceed investment, there is a surplus, causing production and income to fall. If investment exceeds savings, there is a shortage, causing production and income to rise.

Diagram Explanation:

1.     On the graph, income (Y) is measured on the horizontal axis and savings/investment on the vertical axis.

2.     The saving curve (S) slopes upward from left to right, reflecting higher saving at higher income levels.

3.     The investment line (I) is drawn as a horizontal line because investment is assumed to be independent of income.

4.     The point where the saving curve intersects the investment line represents the equilibrium level of income (Y*), where planned saving equals planned investment.

This approach emphasizes the demand-side mechanism in the economy, showing that income adjusts automatically to ensure that all planned expenditure on investment is financed by saving. It is a fundamental concept in Keynesian economics, explaining how equilibrium output is determined even when markets do not clear immediately.

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मोनसे रांखान्थियाव दिहुनथाइ आये आयनि गोरोबधाइ धाखोखौ मावरैि थि खालामनी हायो (परीक्षा-संगत):

सावगारिनि-निवेश दृष्टिकोण अनुसार, आर्थिक रांखान्थिनि गोरोबधाइ थाय जाथाय जों योजना बनायनि बचत बराबर योजना बनायनि निवेश होथाय। याने मोथां आयनि उत्पादन सोलायनाय योजना अनुसार खपत आरो निवेश पूरा होथाय।

समझाइ:

• बचत (S): आयखौ खपत पर निफ्राय हिस्सा; जेतिया आय बढ़ाय, बचत बढ़ाय।
• निवेश (I): पूंजी वस्तु ऊपर खर्च (मशीनरी, कारखाना, उपकरण); योजना अनुसार निवेश स्वतंत्र मानाय।

संतुलन स्थिति:

S=IS = IS=I

• यदि बचत > निवेश, उत्पादन घटाय।
• यदि निवेश > बचत, उत्पादन बढ़ाय।
• बचत और निवेश बराबर होइला, उत्पादन और आय स्थिर होथाय।

डायग्राम समझाइ:

1.     क्षैतिज अक्ष – आय (Y), ऊर्ध्वाधर अक्ष – बचत/निवेश।

2.     बचत वक्र (S) – ऊपर की ओर ढलान, उच्च आय = अधिक बचत।

3.     निवेश रेखा (I) – क्षैतिज, निवेश आय पर निर्भर नाय।

4.     S और I के संगम बिंदु = संतुलन आय (Y*)।

एना दृष्टिकोण मांग पक्ष ऊपर जोर दियाय, देखाय जाथाय कि योजना बनायनि निवेश फाइनेंस खातिर आय अपने आप संतुलन तक पहुंचाय

iii) Explain the role of the following in correcting the deficient demand in an economy.

मोनसे गंखान्थियाव आंखाल बिनायखौ फोसाबनायाव गाहायाव होनाय बिफावखौ बेखे:

a) Bank Rate.

बैंक हार

b) Open Market operations.

उदां हाथाइ मावफुंनाय।

iii) Role of Bank Rate and Open Market Operations in Correcting Deficient Demand

Deficient demand occurs in an economy when aggregate demand is less than aggregate supply, leading to unemployment and underutilization of resources. To correct deficient demand, monetary policy tools such as the Bank Rate and Open Market Operations are used.

a) Bank Rate:
The bank rate is the rate at which the central bank lends money to commercial banks. When the economy faces deficient demand, the central bank may lower the bank rate. This reduces the cost of borrowing for commercial banks, which in turn lowers the interest rates for businesses and consumers. Cheaper credit encourages higher investment and consumption, thereby increasing aggregate demand and helping the economy move towards equilibrium.

b) Open Market Operations (OMO):
Open market operations refer to the buying and selling of government securities by the central bank in the open market. In case of deficient demand, the central bank buys government securities from the public. This injects liquidity into the banking system, increases the money supply, and reduces interest rates. Lower interest rates encourage borrowing and spending, which boosts consumption and investment, thereby increasing aggregate demand in the economy.

Both these tools are part of expansionary monetary policy, aimed at stimulating economic activity by increasing money supply, lowering borrowing costs, and encouraging spending.

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मोनसे गंखान्थियाव आंखाल बिनायखौ फोसाबनायाव गाहायाव होनाय बिफावखौ (परीक्षा-संगत):

आंखाल बिनाय जुधा जाथाय जों कुल माँग कुल आपूर्ति निफ्राय कम होथाय, बेरोजगारी आरो संसाधन अधोउपयोग बढ़ाय। एना स्थिति सुधाराय, बैंक हार आरो उदां हाथाइ मावफुंनाय जों मौद्रिक नीति उपकरण प्रयोग होथाय।

a) बैंक हार:
बैंक हार बुङो केन्द्रिय बैंकक व्यावसायिक बैंकफोरखौ उधार देथाय ब्याज दर। आंखाल बिनाय होइला, केन्द्रिय बैंक बैंक हार घटाय। बेयाव व्यावसायिक बैंकक उधार सस्ता होथाय, जों व्यवसाय आरो परिवारक खर्च बाढ़ाय। निवेश आरो खपत बाढ़ाय, कुल माँग सुधाराय, आरो अर्थव्यवस्था संतुलन दिसा जाथाय।

b) उदां हाथाइ मावफुंनाय (Open Market Operations):
उदां हाथाइ मावफुंनाय बुङो केन्द्रिय बैंकक सरकारी प्रतिभूति बिक्री/खरीद। आंखाल बिनाय होइला, केन्द्रिय बैंक प्रतिभूति खरीद कराय। बेयाव बैंकिंग सिस्टम में तरलता बाढ़ाय, मुद्रा आपूर्ति बढ़ाय, ब्याज दर घटाय। कम ब्याज दर निवेश आरो खपत बढ़ाय, कुल माँग बढ़ाय।

एना उपकरण विस्तारक मौद्रिक नीति हिस्सा होथाय, जों आर्थिक गतिविधि बढ़ाय, निवेश-खपत प्रोत्साहित कराय, अर्थव्यवस्था संतुलन दिसा जाथाय।

iv) Briefly explain about speculative demand for money. What is liquidity trap?

रांनि इयुन सानलु विनायखौ सुंदयै फोरमाय। गुस्लायग्रा ट्रेषआ मा?

Speculative Demand for Money:
Speculative demand for money refers to the demand for holding cash or liquid assets to take advantage of future changes in interest rates or bond prices. People hold money not for transactions or precautionary purposes, but as a speculative asset to avoid potential losses from falling bond prices. This type of demand is inversely related to the interest rate: when interest rates are high, people prefer bonds to earn higher returns and hold less money; when interest rates are low, people hold more money anticipating bond prices may fall.

Liquidity Trap:
A liquidity trap occurs when interest rates are very low, and people prefer holding money rather than investing in bonds or other assets because they expect no further fall in interest rates. In such a situation, monetary policy becomes ineffective in stimulating investment and aggregate demand because people hoard money instead of spending or investing, and the economy may remain stagnant despite expansionary monetary measures.

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रांनि इयुन सानलु विनायखौ सुंदयै फोरमाय (परीक्षा-संगत):

सांदिक विनाय:
सांदिक विनाय बुङो मोनसे नगद वा तरल सम्पत्ति रखनाय जों ब्याज दर आरो प्रतिभूति मूल्य भविष्यत बदलाव फायदा उठायनाय। लोकखौ नगद इयुन रखाय, व्यापार या आकस्मिक कारण नाइ, बल्कि संभावित नुकसान बचाय। ब्याज दर बढ़ाय, लोक प्रतिभूति खरीदाय आरो नगद कम रखाय; ब्याज दर घटाय, लोक नगद अधिक रखाय।

गुस्लायग्रा ट्रेषआ (Liquidity Trap):
गुस्लायग्रा ट्रेषआ होइला ब्याज दर बहुत कम होथाय, लोक नगद रखाय पसंद कराय, निवेश नाइ कराय। एना स्थिति में मौद्रिक नीति प्रभावहीन होथाय, कियानकि पैसा जमा होथाय, खर्च या निवेश नाइ बढ़ाय, अर्थव्यवस्था स्थिर रहाय।

5. Answer any one of the following question:  8x1=8

गाहाइनि जायखि जाया मोनसे सोथिनि फिन हो :

a) Explain with the help of a schedule how the equilibrium price of foreign currency is determined in a foreign exchange market.

मोनसे फारिलाइनि हेफाजाबों फोरमाय दि गुबुन हादरनि सोलाय सोल' हाथाइयाव गुबुन हादरनि रांनि गोरोवथाइ बेसेनखौ माबोरै थि खालामनाय जायो।

Determination of Equilibrium Price of Foreign Currency in the Foreign Exchange Market

The foreign exchange market is a market where the currency of one country is exchanged for the currency of another country. The price of foreign currency, also known as the exchange rate, is determined by the interaction of demand for and supply of foreign currency.

Demand for foreign currency arises due to imports of goods and services, payments for tourism abroad, interest and dividend payments to foreign countries, and capital transfers. When the price of foreign currency falls, imports become cheaper, which increases the demand for foreign currency. Therefore, there is an inverse relationship between the price of foreign currency and its demand.

Supply of foreign currency comes from exports of goods and services, foreign tourists visiting the country, remittances from abroad, and foreign investments. When the price of foreign currency rises, exporters receive more domestic currency for the same amount of foreign currency, which encourages exports. As a result, the supply of foreign currency increases with a rise in its price.

This can be explained with the help of the following schedule:

Price of foreign currency (₹ per $)	Demand for foreign currency ($ million)	Supply of foreign currency ($ million)
60	120	80
65	100	100
70	80	120

At ₹60 per dollar, demand exceeds supply, leading to excess demand for foreign currency. This excess demand causes the price of foreign currency to rise. At ₹70 per dollar, supply exceeds demand, resulting in excess supply, which causes the price to fall. At ₹65 per dollar, demand and supply are equal. This is the equilibrium price of foreign currency, and the corresponding quantity is the equilibrium quantity. At this price, there is no tendency for change, and the exchange rate remains stable.

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गुबुन हादरनि सोलाय-सोल’ हाथाइयाव गुबुन हादरनि रांनि गोरोवथाइ बेसेन थि खालामनाय

गुबुन हादरनि सोलाय-सोल’ हाथाइयाव मोनसे हादरनि रांखौ गुबुन हादरनि रांजों सोलायनाय जायो। गुबुन हादरनि रांनि बेसेन (Exchange Rate) दिमान्ड आरो सप्लाइनि फोरमायजों थि खालामनाय जायो।

गुबुन हादरनि रांनि दिमान्ड आयात, बिदेश गोरानाय, बिदेशीय सुत आरो लाभ फैदायनाय, आरो पूंजी सोलायनाय निफ्राय जायो। जों गुबुन हादरनि रांनि बेसेन गोसोखांनाय, आयात सोलायनाय गोरोबनाय आरो दिमान्ड बाढ़नाय जायो। बेनि फोरमाय, बेसेन आरो दिमान्डनि माबा उल्टा फोरमाय दं।

गुबुन हादरनि रांनि सप्लाइ निर्यात, बिदेशीय पर्यटक, बिदेश निफ्राय रेमिटेन्स, आरो बिदेशीय निवेश निफ्राय जायो। जों गुबुन हादरनि रांनि बेसेन बाढ़नाय, निर्यात लाभदायक जानाय आरो सप्लाइ बाढ़नाय जायो।

हेफाजाबों बेनि फोरमाय बुझायनाय जायो:

गुबुन हादरनि रांनि बेसेन (₹ प्रति $)	गुबुन हादरनि रांनि दिमान्ड ($ मिलियन)	गुबुन हादरनि रांनि सप्लाइ ($ मिलियन)
60	120	80
65	100	100
70	80	120

₹60 प्रति डॉलराव दिमान्ड सप्लाइ निफ्राय गोरोबनाय जायो, बेयाव अधिक दिमान्ड जायो आरो रांनि बेसेन बाढ़नायनि गोनां जायो।
₹70 प्रति डॉलराव सप्लाइ दिमान्ड निफ्राय गोरोबनाय जायो, बेयाव अधिक सप्लाइ जायो आरो रांनि बेसेन गोसोखांनाय जायो।
₹65 प्रति डॉलराव दिमान्ड आरो सप्लाइ समान जायो। बे बेसेनाव गुबुन हादरनि रांनि गोरोवथाइ थि जायो। बेयाव रांनि बेसेन स्थिर थायो आरो सोलायनाय नङा।

b) Define the following.

गाहाइयाव होनायफोरखौ बेखेव।

i) Fiscal Deficit

Fiscal deficit refers to the excess of the total expenditure of the government over its total receipts excluding borrowings in a financial year. It shows the total borrowing requirements of the government.

राडारि घाटि
राडारि घाटि बुङो जों मोनसे बाछराव सरकारि मोथां खरसा, उधार नाखालामनाय रिसिप्टखौ गैयाबाय सरकारि मोथां रिसिप्ट निफ्राय गोरोबनाय जायो। बेखौ सरकारि मोथां उधारनि गोनां बुजायो।

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ii) Primary Deficit

Primary deficit is the fiscal deficit minus interest payments on previous borrowings. It shows the current year’s fiscal position excluding past debt obligations.

गुदि बाटि
गुदि बाटि बुङो राडारि घाटि निफ्राय आगोलनि उधाराव सुत फैदायनायखौ गैयाबाय जों थायो। बेखौ आगोलनि उधारखौ गैयाबाय गोदान बाछरनि सरकारि बाटि बुजायो।

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iii) Planned Government Expenditure

Planned government expenditure refers to government spending on development activities and programs included in the government’s plans, such as education, health, and infrastructure.

विधांखि लानाय सरकारि खरसा
विधांखि लानाय सरकारि खरसा बुङो सरकारि विधांखिआव थानाय विकासमुलक काज आरो योजना फोराव खरसा खालामनायखौ बुजायो। जेरैना शिक्षा, स्वास्थ्य आरो आधारभूत संरचना।

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iv) Non-Planned Government Expenditure

Non-planned government expenditure refers to spending that is not included in development plans, such as interest payments, defense, subsidies, and administrative expenses.

बिथांखि लायै सरकारि खरसा
बिथांखि लायै सरकारि खरसा बुङो सरकारि विधांखि नङै खरसा, जेरैना उधारनि सुत फैदायनाय, रक्षा, सब्सिडी आरो प्रशासनिक खरसा।

c) Define personal income. From the following data calculate personal income and personal disposable income -

6. Answer any four of the following questions:

गाहाइनि जायखि जाया मोनत्रै सोथिनि फिन हो:

a. Define co-operative farming.
समबाय आबाद मावनायखौ बेखेव।
Co-operative farming is a system where farmers pool their land, labor, resources, and equipment to work together and share the profits. It helps in reducing costs, increasing productivity, and improving access to modern technology.
समबाय आबाद मावनायखौ माने जिथाय किसानार जमि, श्रम, साधन आरो उपकरण साझा कराय फोर मिलजुल खामाय आरो लाभ बाँटाय। ए फोर लागत कमाय, उत्पादन बढाय आरो आधुनिक तकनीक फोर पहुँच आसान कराय।

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b. Write the full form of CPCB.
CPC नि आवुं मुंखौ लिर।
CPCB – Central Pollution Control Board
CPCB – केंद्रीय प्रदूषण नियंत्रण बोर्ड

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c. What are HYV Seeds?
बासिन गोबां सोमजिहोनो हानाय जोलै आ मा ?
HYV Seeds are High Yielding Variety seeds developed to produce higher crop output under suitable conditions. They are widely used in modern agriculture to increase food production.
HYV Seeds – High Yielding Variety Seeds, जिफ्रां सही परिस्थिति फोर अधिक उत्पादन दे। ए फोर आधुनिक कृषि फोर खाद्य उत्पादन बढाय उपयोग हो।

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d. Define liberty indicator.
उदांस्त्रि दिनधिगिरिखौ बेखेव।
Liberty indicator measures the extent of freedom available to individuals in a country. It reflects civil, political, and economic rights and helps assess the quality of governance.
उदांस्त्रि दिनधिगिरिखौ माने देशार नागरिकार उपलब्ध स्वतंत्रता स्तर मापन कराय। ए फोर नागरिक अधिकार, राजनीतिक अधिकार आरो आर्थिक अधिकार देखाय, शासन गुणवत्ता आँकलन कराय।

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e. Fill in the blanks
Labour force - workforce =
Labour force includes all people who are able and willing to work, whereas workforce includes those who are actually employed.

लांदां जायगाखौ आबु खालाम-
लांदां जायगाखौ माने जिफ्रां काम फोर सक्षम आरो इच्छुक।
मावदांसा गोहो- खामानि गोहो =
मावदांसा गोहो माने जिफ्रां वास्तविक खामाय।

f. Choose the correct answer -

Golden revolution is related with-

थार फिननायखौ सायख -

सनाथि जांखियाइया माजों सोमोनेदो गोनां…….

(i) Fishery

ना फिसिनाय

(iii) Horticulture

फिथाइ सामथाइनि आबाद

(ii) Dairy Farming

गाइखेर दिहुननाय

(iv) None of the above

गोजौनि जेवो नहा

7. Answer any five of the following questions: 2x5-10

गाहाइनि जायखि जाया मोनबा सोंथिनि फिन हो :

a. Why is it necessary for a developing country like India to follow self-reliance as a planning objective?
भारत बादि जौगाफुनाय हादरा मानो गावनो गाव सोनारथि यांखिनि विथांखिनि सायाव उनसेनांगी?
Developing countries like India must follow self-reliance to reduce dependence on foreign countries, strengthen domestic industries, and ensure economic stability. It protects national interests, promotes local production, saves foreign exchange, and helps achieve sustainable growth. Self-reliance also reduces vulnerability to global economic fluctuations.
भारत बादि जौगाफुनाय गावनो गाव सोनारथि जरूरी हो, जिफ्रां विदेशी देशार निर्भरता कमाय, देसफोर उद्योग बढाय, आर्थिक स्थिरता राखाय आरो राष्ट्रिय हित सुरक्षा कराय। ए फोर स्थानीय उत्पादन बढाय, विदेशी मुद्रा बचाय आरो टिकाउ विकास सुनिश्चित कराय।

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b. Mention two objectives of disinvestment.
रां खाथायैनो मोननै थांखिफोरखौ मुंख'।

1.     To raise funds for government projects and reduce fiscal burden.

2.     To improve efficiency, productivity, and management of public sector enterprises.
सरकार परियोजना फोर धन जुटाय आरो वित्तीय दबाव कमाय। सार्वजनिक उद्योगार कार्यक्षमता, उत्पादकता आरो प्रबंधन सुधार कराय।

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c. Write two major differences between human capital formation and human development.
सुबु फुनजि आये सुबुं जौगाथाइनि गेजेराव मोननै गाहाइ फारागखौ लिर।

• Human capital formation focuses on improving skills, education, and productivity for economic growth.
• Human development focuses on overall well-being, health, quality of life, and social welfare.
  Human capital formation is more economic-oriented, whereas human development emphasizes social and human welfare.
  Human Capital Formation – कौशल, शिक्षा आरो उत्पादकता सुधार फोर ध्यान।
  Human Development – समग्र भलाइ, स्वास्थ्य, जीवन गुणवत्ता आरो सामाजिक कल्याण फोर ध्यान।

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d. What is import substitution? State one example of import substitution.
मोनसे गोनांथार सोलायनाया मा? मोनसे गोनांथार सोलायथायनि मोनसे बिदिन्थि हो।
Import substitution means producing goods domestically to reduce imports. It supports local industries, saves foreign exchange, and promotes self-reliance. Example: India producing cotton textiles instead of importing them.
मोनसे गोनांथार फोर देसफोर उत्पादन कराय, जिफ्रां आयात कमाय, स्थानीय उद्योग बढाय आरो विदेशी मुद्रा बचाय। उदाहरण: भारत फोर कपास कपड़ा उत्पादन कराय।

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e. What do you mean by renewable resources? Give an example of renewable resource.
फोदानफिनग्रा फुंखाफोरनि ऑथिया मा? मोनसे फोदानफिनग्रा फुंखानि मोनसे विदिन्थि हो।
Renewable resources are natural resources that can be naturally replenished and do not get exhausted if used wisely. Example: Solar energy.
फोदानफिनग्रा फुंखाफोरनि जिफ्रां प्राकृतिक रूप फोर पुनः बने, सावधानी फोर उपयोग करिलाय समाप्त नाय हो। उदाहरण: सूरज उर्जा।

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f. What do you mean by the GLF Campaign adopted by China?
चीन हादरजों आजावजानाय GLF जावरिखां होनब्ला मा बुजियो।
The Great Leap Forward (GLF) Campaign, 1958–1962, aimed to rapidly industrialize China and collectivize agriculture. It tried to increase production in agriculture and industry simultaneously but caused food shortages due to poor planning.
चीन 1958–1962 बीच GLF अभियान चलाय, जिफ्रां शीघ्र उद्योगीकरण आरो कृषि सामूहिकरण कराय। कृषि आरो उद्योग उत्पादन बढाय कोशिश हो, किन्तु खराब योजना कारण खाद्य संकट उत्पन्न हो।

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g. Mention two types of unemployment prevalent in the agriculture sector of India.
भारतनि आबाद खोनदोआव सोलिफुबाय थानाय मोननै रोखोमनि दां गैयैखौ मुंख'।

1.     Seasonal unemployment – workers are employed only in specific seasons.

2.     Disguised unemployment – more workers are employed than actually needed, lowering productivity.
मौसमी बेरोजगारी – श्रमिक सिरफ बिशेष ऋतु फोर खामाय।
छिपित बेरोजगारी – जरूरतसंग ज्यादा श्रमिक फोर खामाय, उत्पादकता कमाय।

8.Answer any Two of the following question:

गाहाइनि जायखि जाया मोननै सौंथिनि फिन हो :

a. What are the classification of industries under IPR 1956?

IPR 1956 नि सिडाव दारिमिनफोरनि थाखो राननाय मा ?

Under the Industries (Development and Regulation) Act, 1956 (IPR 1956), industries are classified into three categories:

1.     Schedule A Industries – These are large-scale industries reserved for the state or public sector, such as defense equipment and atomic energy.

2.     Schedule B Industries – These are industries in the process of development, where both private and public sectors can participate, like electronics and chemicals.

3.     Schedule C Industries – These are small-scale or cottage industries, which do not require licensing unless specifically notified, such as handicrafts and local food processing units.

This classification helps the government control, promote, and develop industries systematically.

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IPR 1956 निफ्रां Industries (Development and Regulation) Act, 1956, थाखो दारिमिनफोरनि थाखो थाय सिडाव सिडाव थाखो:

1.     Schedule A Industries – मोथाय बडफोर उद्योग फोर हाबा, जिफ्रां राज्य आरो सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र आरो बिजिनेस सिडाव थाखो, मसलन रक्षा उपकरण आरो आणविक ऊर्जा।

2.     Schedule B Industries – मोथाय उद्योग विकास फोर हाबा, जिथाय निजी आरो सार्वजनिक क्षेत्रो बिजिनेस फोर थाखो, मसलन इलेक्ट्रॉनिक्स आरो रासायनिक उद्योग।

3.     Schedule C Industries – मोथाय सोकुल उद्योग आरो हस्तशिल्प जिफ्रां लाइसेंस लगाय नाय लागिबो, जिफ्रां सूचना दिए।

ए दारिमिनफोरनि सरकारा उद्योग सुथो नियंत्रण आरो विकास थांबाय सहयोग फोर थाखो।

b. Explain the concept of agricultural diversification. How far it is suitable for Indian agriculture?

आबाद आदब सोलायनायनि बिबुंथिखौ बेखेव। भारतनि आबादनि थाखाय वेयो वेसेवां सावजाथाव ?

Agricultural diversification refers to the process of growing a variety of crops and engaging in multiple agricultural activities instead of relying on a single crop. It includes cultivating cereals, pulses, fruits, vegetables, and adopting livestock, poultry, or fisheries.

This approach reduces risk, improves income stability, enhances soil fertility, and meets the diverse food demands of the population.

In India, agricultural diversification is highly suitable because:

1.     It reduces dependence on monsoon and traditional crops.

2.     It increases farmers’ income through high-value crops.

3.     It promotes nutritional security and rural employment.

However, its success depends on irrigation, market access, technology, and government support.

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आबाद आदब सोलायनायनि बिबुंथिखौ माने, एको फोरो आदब फोर थाय आरो बिबुंथा फोर थाय बिबुंथिखौ। जिफ्रां धान, दाल, फुलफुल, सब्जी आरो पालतु जनावर, माछ फोर थाखो फोर थाखो।

ए सोलायनायनि जोखिम कमाय, आय स्थिर कराय, माटि उर्वरता बढाय, आरो जनता फोर खाद्य आवश्यक फुराय।

भारत फोर ए सोलायनायनि थांबा थाखो कारण:

1.     मोथाय मानसून आरो पारंपरिक फसलो फोर निर्भरता कमाय।

2.     मोथाय किसानार आय बढाय उच्च मूल्य फसलो थाय।

3.     मोथाय पोषण सुरक्षा आरो ग्रामीण रोजगार बढाय।

थांबो सफलता सिंचाई, बजार पहुँच, प्रविधि आरो सरकार सहयोग फोर निर्भर थाय।

c. Victor is able to get work only for two hours in a day. Rest of the day he is looking for work. Is he employed? State reasons. What kind of jobs could person like Victor be doing?

भिक्टरआ सानसेयाव नै घन्यल' खामानि मावनो मोनो। बियो आद्रा थानाय समखौ खामानि नागिरनानै हगारो। बिखौ हावायाव सोसनजानाय होनना साननाय जायो नामा? जाहोन हो। भिक्टर बादि मानसिया माबादि खामानि मावनो हागौ ?

Victor cannot be considered fully employed because he works only two hours a day and spends the rest of the day searching for work. Employment generally requires regular engagement in productive work for earning a livelihood.

Victor’s situation falls under underemployment, where a person is working less than they are willing or able to work.

Such a person may engage in part-time, casual, or temporary jobs, such as:

• Street vending or small retail work
• Daily wage labor in construction or agriculture
• Domestic help or housekeeping
• Freelance or gig work

Underemployment indicates inefficient use of labor resources and highlights the need for more stable and adequate job opportunities.

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भिक्टर पूरा रोजगार होनाय नाय कारण, मोथाय दिनार सिरफ दुइ घन्टा खामाय आरो बियोर खामाय फोर थाय थांबाय। रोजगार फोर मोथाय नियमित फोर खामाय फोर जीविका उपार्जन जरूरी थाय।

भिक्टरार स्थिति अल्प रोजगार थाय, जिथाय मानव फोर जे थाय आरो जे फोर खामाय चाहाय, से फोर कम खामाय।

भिक्टर फोर मानसियानाय होनाय फोर थाय:

• सडक किन-बिक्री या छोट दुकान फोर खामाय
• निर्माण या आबाद खेत मजदूरी
• घरेलु काम या घर साफ-सफाई
• फ्रीलांस या गिग काम

अल्प रोजगार श्रम स्रोत फोर असमर्थ उपयोग देखाय आरो स्थिर रोजगार फोर आवश्यकता उजागर कराय।

d. Discuss about biopestcontrol as strategies for sustainable development.

गोजोरथि (बानस 'हानाय) जौगानायनि थाखाय जिवारि एम्फौ होबथानायनि मावखान्थिनि सायाव सावराय।

Biopest control refers to the use of natural predators, parasites, or microorganisms to control agricultural pests instead of chemical pesticides. It is an eco-friendly and sustainable strategy for agriculture.

Advantages for sustainable development:

1.     Reduces chemical usage – minimizes soil, water, and air pollution.

2.     Protects biodiversity – natural enemies of pests maintain ecological balance.

3.     Cost-effective for farmers – reduces expenditure on chemical pesticides.

4.     Prevents pest resistance – pests are less likely to develop resistance compared to chemicals.

5.     Enhances soil fertility and crop quality, supporting long-term agricultural sustainability.

Biopest control is an important tool in sustainable agriculture, helping meet food security while protecting the environment.

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गोजोरथि (बानस 'हानाय) जौगानायनि माने, प्राकृतिक दुश्मन, परजीवी या सूक्ष्मजीव फोर जौगानायनि जिफ्रां रासायनिक कीटनाशक नाय फोर फोर थाय। मोथाय पारिस्थितिक-अनुकूल आरो टिकाउ रणनीति।

सावरायनि लाभ:

1.     रासायनिक उपयोग कमाय – माटि, पानी आरो हवा प्रदूषण कमाय।

2.     जैव विविधता संरक्षण – कीट दुश्मन पारिस्थितिक संतुलन राखाय।

3.     किसानार लागत कमाय – रासायनिक कीटनाशक खर्च बचाय।

4.     कीट प्रतिरोध रोकाय – रासायनिक नाय फोर कीट जल्दी प्रतिरोध बनाय।

5.     माटि उर्वरता आरो फसल गुण बढाय, दीर्घकाल टिकाउ कृषि समर्थन कराय।

गोजोरथि जौगानायनि सावराय टिकाउ कृषि फोर महत्वपूर्ण फोर थाय, जिफ्रां खाद्य सुरक्षा आरो पर्यावरण संरक्षण दूनो सुनिश्चित कराय।

9.Answer any two of the following questions- 6x2-12

गाहाइनि जायखि जाया मोननै सोंथिनि फिन हो :

a.     Explain the types of rural unemployment. Is long-lasting unemployment possible? Give reasons.

गामियारि दां गैयैनि रोखोमफोरखौ बेखेव। बेयो गोलाव सम दां गैयै जाथावना नामा? जाहोनफोर हो।

Rural Unemployment means a situation where people living in rural areas are willing and able to work but do not get sufficient employment. It is a major problem in India because a large part of the population depends mainly on agriculture, which cannot provide work throughout the year.

Types of rural unemployment are as follows:

1.     Seasonal unemployment:
This occurs when workers get employment only during certain seasons of the year. Agriculture is seasonal in nature, so farmers and agricultural labourers remain employed mainly during sowing and harvesting seasons. During the remaining months, they do not get work. This type of unemployment is very common in rural areas.

2.     Disguised unemployment:
Disguised unemployment exists when more people are employed than actually required. In agriculture, many family members work on the same land, but if some workers are withdrawn, total production does not decrease. This shows that their contribution to production is almost zero. Though they appear employed, they are actually unemployed.

3.     Open unemployment:
This refers to a situation where people are ready to work at the prevailing wage rate but do not get any job. It is found among rural educated youth due to lack of employment opportunities in villages.

Long-lasting (chronic) unemployment is possible in rural areas.
This happens due to rapid population growth, excessive dependence on agriculture, lack of rural industries, slow development of non-farm activities, low level of education and skills, and poor infrastructure. Since agriculture cannot absorb the growing labour force, unemployment becomes a permanent problem. Therefore, without diversification of rural employment, long-term unemployment continues.

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गामियारि दां गैयै होनब्ला बे स्थिति जाय, जाहां गामियारि जायगायाव थांनाय सुबुंफोरे खामानि खालामनो मोनसेनाय आरो इच्छुक थायो, नाथाय बिसोरखौ खामानि मोननो नङा। भारताव बेयो मोनसे गुदि जेंना, मानोना गामियारि सुबुंफोर बांसिन आबादजों निर्भर थायो।

गामियारि दां गैयैनि रोखोमफोर होनब्ला—

1.     मौसमी दां गैयै:
आबाद मौसमी जायनायनि कारने खामानि बोननाय आरो फसल काटनाय समायाव थायो। गुबुन समायाव खामानि गैयै जायो। बेयो गामियारि जायगायाव बांसिन मोननो जायो।

2.     लुकायनाय दां गैयै:
मोनसे खेताव गोनां थानायनि निफ्राय बेसी सुबुं खामानि खालामो। किछु सुबुंखौ बोखारायोब्ला उत्पादन खमायो नङा। बेखायनो बिसोर गोसो खामानि खालामनाय जों बेयो दां गैयै।

3.     खुला दां गैयै:
जाहां सुबुंफोरे खामानि खालामनो इच्छुक थायो, नाथाय खामानि मोननो नङा। बेयो शिक्षित गामियारि युवाफोरनि माजाव मोननो जायो।

गोलाव सम दां गैयै जाथाव।
जनसंख्या बांसोनाय, आबादाव बेसी निर्भरता, उद्योगनि अभाव, गैर-आबाद खामानिनि कमी, सोलों आरो गुन अभावनि कारने गामियारि दां गैयै दीर्घकालीन जेंना जायो।

b.     Mention three positive impact and three negative impact of LPG policies in Indian Economy.

भारतारि संखान्थियाव LPG बिथांखिपोरनि मोनथाम मोजां गोहोम आरो मोनथाम गात्रि गोहोमफोरखौ मुंख'।

Positive impacts of LPG policies in Indian Economy:

1.     Economic growth increased due to liberalisation and private sector participation.

2.     Foreign investment and modern technology entered India through globalisation.

3.     Better quality goods and more choices became available to consumers.

Negative impacts of LPG policies in Indian Economy:

1.     Unemployment and job insecurity increased due to privatisation.

2.     Income inequality widened between rich and poor.

3.     Small scale industries suffered due to heavy competition.

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भारतारि संखान्थियाव LPG बिथांखिपोरनि मोनथाम मोजां गोहोमफोर:

1.     उदारिकरणनि फोलाव आर्थिक जौगानाय बांसो।

2.     विदेशी लगानाय आरो गोदान तकनीक भारताव फैनाय जायो।

3.     ग्राहकफोरनि थाखाय बेसेन गुन आरो विकल्प बांसो।

मोनथाम गात्रि गोहोमफोर:

1.     निजीकरणनि फोलाव बेरोजगारी बांसो।

2.     धनी–गरीबनि गेजेराव आय असमानता बांसो।

3.     फिसा थाखोनि उद्योगफोर नोकसान मोननो लागो।

c.      While subsidies encourage farmers to use new technology, they are huge burden on government finances. Discuss the usefulness of subsidies in the light of this fact.

रेहाय होनाइया आबादारिफोरखौ गोदान बिरोंदामिनखी नाजावनो थुलुंगा होयोब्लाबो बेयो सोरखारनि रांखान्थिनि सायाव मोनसे गिदिर नारसिनथाय बिबान। वे बाश्राखौ नोजोर होनानै रेहाय होनाइनि सायाव सावराय।

Subsidies are financial supports given by the government to farmers to reduce the cost of inputs like fertilizers, seeds, electricity, irrigation, and machinery. Subsidies encourage farmers to adopt new technology, increase productivity, and ensure food security. They help small and marginal farmers who lack sufficient income and protect them from risks like crop failure. However, subsidies put a heavy burden on government finances and may lead to misuse, wastage, and inefficient resource use. Therefore, subsidies are useful but should be well-targeted, limited, and focused on needy farmers and sustainable agriculture.

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रेहाय होनाइ होनब्ला सरकारा आबादारिफोरखौ दान, बिज, बिजुली, सिचाई आरो यंत्रफोरनि दाम खमायनो दियाव सहायता। रेहाय होनाइया आबादारिफोरखौ गोदान बिरोंदामिनखी बाहायनो थुलुंगा होयो आरो उत्पादन बांसो। बेयो फिसा आरो सीमांत आबादारिफोरखौ मदद खालामो आरो खाद्य सुरक्षा सुनिश्चित खालामो। नाथाय रेहाय होनाइया सरकारनि रांखान्थियाव गिदिर भार जायो आरो दुरुपयोग आरो अपव्यय जाथाव। बेखायनो रेहाय होनाइ जरूरी नाथाय बेखौ सीमित, सही आबादारिफोरनि थाखाय आरो टिकाऊ आबादनि सायाव बाहायनाय गोनां।

d.     Write a comparative note for India, China and Pakistan on the basis of-

गाहाड्याव होनायनि सायाव बिथा खालामनानै भारत, चीन आरो पाकिस्ताननि गेजेराव मोनसे रुजुथाइ लिर -

(i) demographic indicators

सुबु सानखौआरि दिनथिग्राफोर

(ii) Human development indicators

सुबुं जौगाथाइनि दिन्थिग्राफोर

Comparative note on India, China and Pakistan

(i) Demographic indicators:
India has a high population growth rate and a relatively high birth rate, though it is declining. China has a very large population but a low growth rate due to past population control policies. Pakistan has a high birth rate and rapid population growth. Life expectancy is highest in China, followed by India, and lowest in Pakistan. Infant mortality is lowest in China and highest in Pakistan.

(ii) Human development indicators:
China performs best with higher literacy, better healthcare, and higher HDI. India is at a middle level with improvement in education and health. Pakistan lags behind both in literacy, health facilities, and HDI.

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भारत, चीन आरो पाकिस्ताननि रुजुथाइ

(i) सुबु सानखौआरि दिन्थिग्राफोर:
भारताव जनसंख्या बांसोनाय बेसेन, नाथाय जन्मदर लासै खमायो। चीनाव जनसंख्या गोबां नाथाय बांसोनाय दर खम। पाकिस्तानाव जन्मदर आरो जनसंख्या बांसोनाय बेसेन। जीवन प्रत्याशा चीनाव बेसेन, पाकिस्तानाव खम। शिशु मृत्यु दर पाकिस्तानाव बेसेन।

(ii) सुबुं जौगाथाइनि दिन्थिग्राफोर:
चीनाव साक्षरता, स्वास्थ्य आरो HDI बेसेन। भारत माजाव थायो। पाकिस्तान सोलों, स्वास्थ्य आरो HDI आव उनाव थायो।

10. Answer any one of the following: 8x1-8

गाहायनि जायखि जाया मोनसेनि फिन हो :

a. Define small scale industry. Explain the role of small scale industries in Indian Economy.

फिसा थाखोनि दारिमिनखौं बेखेव। भारतारि रांखान्थियाव फिसा थाखोनि दारिमिनफोरनि बिफावखौ बेखेव।

Small scale industry refers to those industrial units which operate on a small level of investment, employ a limited number of workers, and use simple technology and machinery. These industries are generally owned and managed by individuals or small groups. In India, small scale industries are defined on the basis of investment in plant and machinery or equipment, excluding land and buildings. These industries produce goods on a small scale and mainly cater to local and regional markets. Examples include handloom, handicrafts, food processing units, small manufacturing units, and repair services.

Small scale industries play a very important role in the Indian economy. First, they generate large-scale employment opportunities. Since these industries are labour-intensive, they create jobs for both skilled and unskilled workers at a low cost of capital. This helps in reducing unemployment and poverty, especially in rural and semi-urban areas. Second, small scale industries help in balanced regional development. They can be set up in backward and rural areas with limited infrastructure, which reduces regional inequality and prevents excessive migration to cities.

Third, these industries contribute significantly to industrial production and national income. A large variety of consumer goods and intermediate goods are produced by small scale industries. They also support large industries by supplying raw materials, spare parts, and components. Fourth, small scale industries promote exports. Many products like handicrafts, garments, leather goods, and processed foods produced by small units are exported, earning valuable foreign exchange for the country.

Fifth, small scale industries encourage entrepreneurship and self-employment. They provide opportunities for individuals with limited resources to start their own businesses. This helps in developing innovation, creativity, and managerial skills. Lastly, small scale industries play a vital role in the use of local resources. They utilize local raw materials, skills, and traditional knowledge effectively, leading to sustainable economic development. Thus, small scale industries are the backbone of the Indian economy and are essential for inclusive growth.

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फिसा थाखोनि दारिमिन होनब्ला बेफोर दारिमिन यूनिट जायफोर फिसा पूंजी जों खामानि, खामानिया सुबुंनि लेखा फिसा जायो आरो सादो मशीन आरो तकनीक बाहायो। बे दारिमिनफोर बांसिन सुबुं एबा फिसा गुटिनि मालिकी आरो परिबारजों सोलायनाय जायो। भारताव फिसा थाखोनि दारिमिनखौ मशीन आरो उपकरणाव लगानाय पूंजीनि आधाराव बेखेव जायो, जायगानि दाम आरो बिल्डिंगखौ गणना खालामनाय नङा। बे दारिमिनफोर फिसा स्तराव उत्पादन खालामो आरो बांसिन स्थानीय आरो आंचलिक बजारखौ सेवा दियो। हाण्डलूम, हाण्डीक्राफ्ट, खाद्य प्रसंस्करण, फिसा उत्पादन यूनिट आरो रिपेयर सेवा बेनि उदाहरण।

भारतारि रांखान्थियाव फिसा थाखोनि दारिमिनफोरनि बिफाव गोबां गुदि। गुदि गुदि, बेफोर बेरोजगारी खमायनायाव गोबां खामानाय दियो। बे दारिमिनफोर श्रम-प्रधान जायनायनि कारने, कम पूंजी जों गोबां खामानि सुबुंखौ खामानाय दियो। इयाय गामि आरो अर्ध-शहरी जायगायाव दारिद्र आरो बेरोजगारी खमायो। नोंथां, फिसा थाखोनि दारिमिनफोर समान क्षेत्रीय जौगानायखौ जौगाहो। बेफोर कम ढांचायुक्त गामि आरो पिछड़ा क्षेत्रावो सायखोनो हायो, जायनि फोलाव शहराव बेसेन माइग्रेशन खमायो।

थामथि, फिसा थाखोनि दारिमिनफोर उद्योग उत्पादन आरो राष्ट्रीय आयाव गोबां योगदान दियो। गोबां ग्राहक सामान आरो मध्यवर्ती सामान बे दारिमिनफोरजों उत्पादन जायो। बेफोर डांग उद्योगफोरखौ कच्चा माल, पार्ट्स आरो स्पेयर जों मदद खालामो। आरो नोंथां, बे दारिमिनफोर निर्यात जौगाहो। हाण्डीक्राफ्ट, कपड़ा, चमड़ा सामान आरो प्रसंस्कृत खाद्यफोर विदेशाव भेजिनाय जायो आरो देशखौ विदेशी मुद्रा लाबो।

फिसा थाखोनि दारिमिनफोर उद्यमशीलता आरो आत्म-रोजगारखौ जौगाहो। फिसा साधन थानाय सुबुंखौ निजि व्यापार सायखोनो अवसर दियो। बेनि जों सृजनशीलता, नवा बानायनाय आरो प्रबंधन गुन जौगाहो। इयाय नोंथां, बे दारिमिनफोर स्थानीय कच्चा माल, गामि गुन आरो पारंपरिक जौखोन्दोखौ बेसेन बाहायो। बेखौ गासैजों नोंथां, फिसा थाखोनि दारिमिन भारतारि रांखान्थियारि गुदि खुटा जायो आरो समावेशी जौगानायनि थाखाय गोबां जरूरी।

b. What is human capital? Explain the sources of human capital. Establish relationship between human capital and economic development.

Human capital refers to the stock of abilities, skills, knowledge, education, health, experience, and training possessed by human beings, which enables them to contribute productively to economic activities. It is an intangible form of capital that increases the efficiency and productivity of labour. Unlike physical capital such as machines or factories, human capital is embodied in people and grows through continuous investment in education, health, and skill development. A country with well-developed human capital can achieve higher economic growth and long-term development.

The sources of human capital include various factors that enhance the quality and capability of the workforce. Education is the most important source of human capital. Investment in primary, secondary, and higher education improves literacy, technical skills, and professional competence. Education helps individuals to understand new technologies, improve decision-making ability, and increase productivity. Training is another significant source of human capital. On-the-job training, vocational training, and skill development programmes improve practical knowledge and efficiency of workers. Health is also a crucial source of human capital. A healthy population is more productive, energetic, and capable of working for longer periods. Expenditure on healthcare services, nutrition, sanitation, and clean drinking water strengthens human capital. Migration is another source, as people moving from one place to another bring new skills, experience, and ideas. Information and communication technology also contributes to human capital by spreading knowledge and improving access to education and training.

There is a close relationship between human capital and economic development. Development of human capital increases labour productivity, which leads to higher output, income, and national growth. Skilled and educated workers can adopt modern technology and promote innovation, which accelerates industrial and agricultural development. Human capital formation also helps in reducing poverty, unemployment, and income inequality by creating better employment opportunities. On the other hand, economic development provides more resources for investment in education, health, and training, further strengthening human capital. Thus, human capital and economic development are interdependent and reinforce each other. Sustainable economic development is not possible without continuous investment in human capital.

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सुबु फुनजि होनब्ला सुबुंनि जौखोन्दो, गुन, सोलों, अनुभव, ट्रेनिंग आरो हायथायनि मोनसे जुथुं जायो, जाय सुबुंखौ यंखान्थियारि खामानियाव बेसेन योगदान दियाव मदद खालामो। बे मोनसे अमूर्त पूंजी जायो, जाय श्रमनि उत्पादकताखौ जौगाहो। मशीन एबा कारखाना जों बानायनाय भौतिक पूंजीजों गेजेराव, सुबु फुनजि सुबुंखायाव थायो आरो सोलों, हायथाय आरो गुन जौगानायनि सायाव जौगाहो। सुबु फुनजि बेसेन जौगानाय थानाय देशआ तेज यंखान्थियारि जौगानाय आरो दीर्घकालीन विकास मोननो हायो।

सुबु फुनजिनि फुखाफोर होनब्ला बेफोर नोंथां जाय सुबुंनि गुन आरो सामर्थ्यखौ जौगाहो। सोलों होनब्ला सुबु फुनजिनि गुदि फुखा। प्राथमिक, माध्यमिक आरो उच्च सोलोंनि सायाव लगानाय पूंजी सुबुंनि साक्षरता, तकनीकी गुन आरो पेशागत दक्षताखौ जौगाहो। सोलोंनि जों सुबुं नवा तकनीकखौ बुजिनो, निर्णय लाबोनायनि गुनखौ जौगाहोनो आरो उत्पादकताखौ बांसोनो हायो। ट्रेनिंग नोंथांआ सुबु फुनजिनि गुबुन गुदि फुखा। खामानियाव ट्रेनिंग, व्यावसायिक ट्रेनिंग आरो गुन जौगानाय कार्यक्रमफोर सुबुंनि व्यावहारिक जौखोन्दो आरो दक्षताखौ बांसो। हायथाय नोंथांआ सुबु फुनजिनि गोबां जरूरी फुखा। हायथाय सुबुंआ बेसेन खामानाय, गोसो आरो बेसेन उत्पादक जायो। स्वास्थ्य सेवा, पोषण, साफ-सफाई आरो साफ पानि जों खर्च खालामनायआ सुबु फुनजिखौ मजबूत खालामो। माइग्रेशन नोंथांआ फुखा जायो, मानोना सुबुं जायगा सोलायनायनि सायाव नवा गुन, अनुभव आरो धारणा लाबो। सूचना आरो संचार प्रौद्योगिकीआ सोलों फैलायो आरो ट्रेनिंग मोननायनि सुविधा दियो।

सुबु फुनजि आरो यंखान्थियारि जौगानायनि गेजेराव गोबां गुदि सोमोन्दो थायो। सुबु फुनजि जौगानायआ श्रमनि उत्पादकताखौ बांसो, जायनि फोलाव उत्पादन, आय आरो राष्ट्रीय विकास जौगाहो। सोलोंजों गुनगाहोनाय खामानिया गोदान तकनीकखौ बेसेन लाबो आरो नवा बानायनायखौ जौगाहो। इयाय उद्योग आरो आबादनि जौगानाय तेज खालामो। सुबु फुनजि जौगानायआ दारिद्र, बेरोजगारी आरो आय असमानताखौ खमायो। आरो यंखान्थियारि जौगानायआ सोलों, हायथाय आरो ट्रेनिंगाव बेसेन खर्च खालामनो साधन दियो। बेनि थाखाय सुबु फुनजि आरो यंखान्थियारि जौगानायआ एक-आपसियाव निर्भरशील आरो एक-आपसिखौ जौगाहो। दीर्घकालीन यंखान्थियारि विकास सुबु फुनजि जौगानाय बेगर संभव नङा।

सुबु फुलजिआ मा ? सुबु फुनजिनि फुखाफोरखौ बेखेव। सुबु फुनजि आरो यंखान्थियारि जौगानायनि गेजेराव सोमोन्दोखौ गायसननाय ।

c. What do you understand by agriculture marketing system? Discuss various government measures to improve agriculture marketing system in India.

आबाद फाननाय खानथि होनब्ला नों मा बुजियो? भारताव आबाद फाननाय खानथिखौ जौगाहोनो सरकारनि गुबुन गुबुन यहाफोर्यन सायाव सावराय।

Agricultural marketing system refers to the entire process involved in the movement of agricultural products from the producers (farmers) to the final consumers. It includes activities such as assembling, grading, processing, storage, transportation, pricing, and selling of agricultural produce. An efficient agricultural marketing system ensures that farmers receive fair prices for their products while consumers get quality goods at reasonable prices. It plays a crucial role in linking agriculture with industry and trade and contributes significantly to economic development.

In India, agricultural marketing has traditionally faced many problems such as the presence of middlemen, lack of proper storage facilities, poor transportation, unregulated markets, price fluctuations, and lack of market information. To overcome these problems and improve the agricultural marketing system, the government has taken several important measures.

One major measure is the establishment of regulated markets under the Agricultural Produce Market Committee (APMC) Acts. These markets aim to protect farmers from exploitation by middlemen and traders by ensuring transparent transactions, standardized weights, and fair pricing. Another important step is the creation of minimum support price (MSP) for major crops. MSP provides price assurance to farmers and protects them from sharp falls in market prices.

The government has also invested in storage and warehousing facilities, including rural godowns and cold storage chains, to reduce post-harvest losses. Institutions like the Food Corporation of India (FCI) play a key role in procurement, storage, and distribution of food grains. Improvement in transportation and infrastructure, such as roads, railways, and digital platforms, has helped farmers access markets more easily.

In recent years, the government has promoted electronic National Agriculture Market (e-NAM) to integrate agricultural markets across the country through an online trading platform. This helps farmers get better prices through wider competition and transparent price discovery. Other measures include providing market information services, encouraging cooperative marketing societies, and supporting processing and value addition in agriculture. These steps have strengthened the agricultural marketing system and improved farmers’ income, though further reforms are still needed.

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आबाद फाननाय खानथि होनब्ला आबादजों उत्पादन जायनाय सामग्रिफोरखौ आबादक (किसान) निफ्राय ग्राहकनि गेजेराव लांबायनायनि गासै प्रक्रिया बुजायो। बेनि सायाव जुथुमनाय, ग्रेड खालामनाय, प्रसंस्करण, भण्डारण, गोरखोनाय, दाम निर्धारण आरो बजाराव बेनाय गोनां थायो। मोनसे बेसेन आबाद फाननाय खानथि थानायआ आबादकफोरखौ बिसोरनि उत्पादननि थाखाय उचित दाम मोननायाव मदद खालामो आरो ग्राहकफोरखौ उचित दामाव गुनगाथियाव समान मोननायाव सहायता दियो। बे खानथिया आबाद आरो व्यापार-उद्योगनि गेजेराव सोमोन्दो गोरायो आरो यंखान्थियारि जौगानायाव गुदि योगदान दियो।

भारताव आबाद फाननाय खानथियाव आगोलाव नानै जेंना थायो, जेनेबा दलालफोरनि प्रभाव, भण्डारणनि अभाव, गोरखोनायनि दिक्कत, अनियमित बजार, दामनि उतार-चढ़ाव आरो बजार सूचना अभाव। बे जेंनाखौ खमायनो आरो आबाद फाननाय खानथिखौ जौगाहोनो सरकारा गोबां यहाफोर लाबो।

गुदि यहाफोरनि मोनसे होनब्ला नियंत्रित बजार सायखोनाय, जाय APMC ऐननि अधीनाव थायो। बे बजारफोरे आबादकफोरखौ दलाल आरो व्यापारीफोरनि शोषण निफ्राय राखो आरो सठिक तौल, साफ लेन-देन आरो न्यायसंगत दाम सुनिश्चित खालामो। गुबुन गुदि यहा होनब्ला न्यूनतम समर्थन मूल्य (MSP) प्रणाली। MSP आबादकफोरखौ दामनि गारंटी दियो आरो बजार दाम ह्रास जादोंआव रक्षाखालामो।

सरकारा भण्डारण आरो गोदाम सुविधा जौगाहो, जेनेबा ग्रामीण गोदाम आरो कोल्ड स्टोरेज, जाय फसल कटाननि उनाव नोकसान खमायो। फूड कॉरपोरेशन ऑफ इंडिया (FCI) जों साननाय संस्थाफोर दान, भण्डारण आरो वितरणाव गुदि खामानि खालामो। गोरखोनाय आरो ढांचागत विकास, जेनेबा बाटा, रेलपथ आरो डिजिटल प्लेटफर्म, आबादकफोरखौ बजार सों पहुंछनायाव मदद खालामो।

गोदान समायाव सरकारा इलेक्ट्रॉनिक नेशनल एग्रीकल्चर मार्केट (e-NAM) जौगाहो, जाय देशजों बजारफोरखौ अनलाइन प्लेटफर्माव जोडो। बेनि जों आबादकफोरे बांसिन प्रतियोगिता निफ्राय बेसेन दाम मोननो हायो। बेफोर नोंथां, बजार सूचना सेवा, सहकारी विपणन संस्था आरो प्रसंस्करण आरो मूल्य वर्धन जौगाहोनायनि यहाफोर लाबोनाय जायो। बे गासै यहाफोरे भारताव आबाद फाननाय खानथिखौ गोसो खालामो, जदि-आरो बेनि थाखाय गुबुन सुधारफोर गोनां थायो।

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